Individual Task
COMPARATIVE EDUCATION
IN ELT
COMPARATIVE EDUCATION
ELT IN DEVELOPED COUNTRY AND DEVELOPING COUNTRY
Lecturer: Hj. Dra. Hamidah
Hasan, M. Ed
Arranged
By
DIYAH
AYU WINDARI
NIM
: 1203.11.4475
SEMESTER:
VI A TBI
ENGLISH
EDUCATION DEPERTMENT
SEKOLAH
TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM
(
STAI ) AL- KAUTSAR
BENGKALIS
2014 M
1.
ELT
IN DEVELOPED COUNTRY (TURKEY)
Turkey
was included in the Middle East region which is located in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (that
portion west Turkey
Bosporus is geographically part of Europe),
bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and
Georgia, and bordering
the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria.
a.
English
language teaching in Turkey
Education System in Turkey in
general can be said to be almost the same as the education system in Indonesia.
As for the Turkish national education system consists of two main parts:
1.
Formal
Education (Formal Education)
Education formal school system
consisting of institutions of preschool education, primary education, secondary
education and higher education, as well as education in Indonesia.
2. Non-formal Education (Non-formal
Education)
In accordance with Accordance with the Basic Law No. 1739 for National Education.
Basic Law of National Education of Turkey. Non-formal education includes all
activities conducted inside or outside the school.
3.
Pre-school
education
Pre-school education is optional
education, aims to contribute to the mental, emotional and physical development
of children / students to help them acquire good habits (ahklak). which is emphasized by the time they were
still in elementary education. Pre-school education is given in kindergarten,
home daycare, nursery classes in primary schools and preparatory classes by
various departments and agencies, and the Ministry of National Education of
Turkey.
4.
Basic
Education
Basic education, providing basic
knowledge on children and ensure physical, mental and moral development in
accordance with national education goals. Generally consists of education of
children in the age group of 6-14 years. Eight years of primary education is
compulsory for all Turkish citizens who have reached the age of six years,
there are also private schools but are still under state control. However,
specific foreign language lessons already started given since 4 years in
elementary education.
5.
Secondary
Education
Secondary education are classified in two categories
of educational institutions, the public high schools and vocational and
technical high schools (lycées) where a minimum of three years after the school
implemented a basic education.
a. Secondary
Education
Public high schools are educational institutions
that prepare students for higher education institutions. They implement a
three-year program over and above the basic education, which consists of
students in the age group 15-17 years.
b. Vocational
Education
special instruction with the goal of providing
quality skills training. Organizations and different periods of instruction of
the school. Some of them have a four-year program in this school age is 15-18
years. The purpose of secondary education is to provide students with an
introduction to the general culture at the minimum level and prepare them to
take responsibility for a democratic society, make them respect for human
rights as well as prepare them for higher education or business interests
towards a prosperous life.
private secondary schools, have foreign language
preparation classes, in accordance with the objectives of education programs,
and the combined foreign language education in science and math groups.
c. higher
Education (Higher education)
In Turkey, higher education includes all educational
institutions after secondary education, which provides at least two years of
higher education and educating students to continue to pursue, bachelor's,
master's or doctoral degrees. Institutions of higher education consist of
universities, faculties, institutes, higher education schools, conservatories,
vocational higher education schools and research centers applications. In
Turkey, the escalation of higher education is to achieve a level of proficiency
in the era of globalization the world, both in terms of quality and quantity,
has been adopted as the primary goal. Plans and programs are made always
reflect the perception of the plan itself.
The purpose of higher education is to train the workforce
in a system, the principles of contemporary education and training to meet the
needs of the State. However university also provided some special education in
various fields for students who have completed secondary education.
Universities comprising several units are established by the state and by law
as a public company having autonomy in teaching and research. In addition,
higher education institutions, under the supervision and control of the state,
can also be formed by a private foundation in accordance with the procedures
and principles set out in the legislation provided that they are non-profit in
the world. University is an institution of higher education subject. He has
academic autonomy and public legal personality. It is responsible for conducting
high-level education, scientific research and publications. Each university
consists of faculties and schools four years, the program offers graduate
level, the latter with an emphasis vocational and two-year vocational schools
that offer associate) level's (pre-bachelor of nature vocational tight. Levels
graduate program consists of a master and doctoral programs, coordinated by
institutes for graduate study.
2.
ELT
IN DEVELOPMENT COUNTRY (ENGLAND
)
England
is known for a high standard of Education, English
education system has many affects many
countries and is home to several well-known
universities. Schools in England are generally Christian ideology
as the UK is
a Christian majority country so that the education system generally also colored
by Christianity. Schools are non-Christian ideology as
Islamic schools are very rarely found except in
big cities like London, Birmingham or Manchester where the number of Muslims is quite a lot.
Interestingly, in the country who never
mastered the world in the First World War
is compulsory education
for every person/
school-age children. Not only for British
citizens, foreign nationals living
in the UK and have school-age children are also obliged to
send their children.
a.
English
language teaching in England
The Ministry of
Education is the government
department responsible for
issues that affect
the lives of many people in
England up to the age of 19,
including education. Public schools attended by approximately 93%
of students in the
UK Of the total, there is a minority religious schools,
especially Catholic and Church of England schools.
Children aged between
three and four
years attending kindergarten,
4 to 11 years
attending primary school, and 11 to 16 years
of age attend secondary
school. After finishing compulsory education, students follow the GCSE exams. After
that they can decide to continue
further education for two years. Further education is no
separate or fused
with the institutions that prepare high school students in A-level
exams to get into
university.
Although
the majority of secondary schools
in England are
comprehensive schools, in some areas there is also a selective grammar school.
1.
Primary
school
education
In the UK,
children aged 5tahun been obliged to enter
his old primary school around 7tahun. At
the level of grade one to grade six, educational
institutions in the UK are not going to do the
test, so that they can continue to the
next grade and will get exam only in the seventh grade. Teaching
system the teaching of English is based on
creativity, which is a lot more practice
than just memorize the material.
2.
Education
GCSEs or General Certificate of Secondary Education
GCSE
education is also known as high school, but started at the age of eleven, and
the students will spend time over five years to complete the study at this
stage. At the time of his education, then the student will be required to study
the core subjects in more depth, and also learn at least one foreign language
subjects. In the fourth year the students will be exposed to the tests that we
know as GCSEs. The test will be based on the subject have been students,
usually around nine or ten topic subjects.
3.
A-Levels
at GCSE
After students have GCSE exams, the
students who graduate can choose to work or choose to undertake further study.
In the process of further studies, the students are required to learn again for
about two years to prepare for the A-Level exams before college to advance.
4.
Degree
programs
Graduate programs will usually be
gone for three years and participants must attend the final exam before
proceeding to the post-graduate level or PHD.
B. INDONESIA COUNTRY
a.
A
brief of Indonesia
Indonesia is a multicultural
nation. It has a population of 210,5 million of which consist of 500 different
ethnic group scattered in 30 provinces on 17,500 island (Diknas website, 2004).
Many countries in Asia such as Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei,
Philippine, Papua New Guinea, and East Timor surround Indonesia. To the south
part, Australia is the nearest neighboring country of Indonesia. Like other
developing countries, Indonesia is considered an agricultural country.
Therefore, in the working sector, many people work in the agriculture sector.
Indonesia also has natural resources such as oil, nickel, timber and gold. The
people of Indonesia have different customs, habits and practices. They are
generally polite, religious and respectful to others. Although the people speak
more than 300 local languages in daily life, they regard the Indonesian
language as their national language. This means that it governance, politics,
economics and education, Indonesia language is used.
b.
Education
in Indonesia
Indonesia
proclaimed its freedom on 17 august 1945. Since then Indonesia has had five
presidents. Whenever the government changes, the policy on education also
changes. At the beginning of the independence, education was not a primary
priority. Security was the area of most concern to the government. When Suharto
became the second president, in what was called the “ new era”. The government
started to develop the education sector. They started by categorizing the
school systems through levels. They are elementary school, junior secondary
school, senior school and higher school like university and institute. They
also built many schools around Indonesia and recruited many teachers. During 30
years of the “new era”, the government was the sole agent, responsible for all
aspects of education. They made the buildings, they provided the teachers, the
funds, the textbooks, the curriculum and all the facilities in the schools. The
local government in the provinces was only responsible for administration.
There was little involvement of the people in the education sector and little
support for their work.
Under the
“reformation era” in 2000, the government has started to decentralize
educational policy. The new policy on education is expected to bring new hope
for the provinces, the schools and the society to manage them free from central
control. The department of education recognized that there are some major
problems with education: the amount number of educated people is still low: the
quality of education is also low.
There are two
main systems of education in Indonesia. They are school education and informal/
out school education. School education is where the process of learning and
teaching is done in the schools systematically and continuously. The students
go to study in the schools regularly. The schools like as sekolah dasar or
primary school in Australia, sekolah lanjutan tingkat pertama, sekolah menengah
or equivalent with secondary school in Australia are regarded as school
education. While informal / out school education is a process of teaching and
learning that is not done in the formal school described in above example.
Since this is the “informal” school, the involvement of society is expected.
The aim of these schools is mainly to develop and heighten the student’s
skills. Early education, playgroup, and special interest courses are some
examples of the informal / out school.
Sekolah dasar or
primary school is school for children aged 6 to 7. The students are expected to
study at primary school for 6 years. The aim is to give them basic knowledge
and prepare them for the next education level.
After spending
six years in the primary school, the students then continue to the next
education level, which is Junior Secondary High school. At this stage, English
has become one of the compulsory subjects. At the end of the study, the
students must take the national examination.
Senior secondary
school / vocational school (SMU), this is the continuation of previous school.
The school is divided into two types. They are high secondary and vocational
school. The purpose of this level is to broaden and develop basic knowledge of
the students, and also to prepare them to be active in society and work force.
The students spend three years to finish their study. When the students are in
the 11th grade in the high secondary school, the class is then
divided into four main groups. They are physics, biology, social sciences and
language. The students’ score and interests determine which groups they belong
to. While in the vocational school, the students need to finish the study for 4
years. In this kind of school, the students could develop their talents and
skills in preparation for work.
Tertiary
education, the next stage of education is university, academy, institute, high
school and polytechnic. The aim of this
kind of education is to prepare the students to achieve good academic and
professional skills.
c.
English
language teaching in Indonesia : past – present
Since
independence day, the government of Indonesia has placed English language
teaching as one of the compulsory subjects in the schools. The government has
played an important role in determining the school curriculum, textbooks,
teachers and so on. The government has changed the English curriculum five
times.
The first
curriculum was introduced in 1945. It was a grammar- translation- based
curriculum. During the Dutch occupation of Indonesia, the Dutch educational
system had been widely used. When the Dutch surrendered and were forced to
leave the country, most of the English teachers also returned home. Due to the
limited human and material resources. Only local English teacher stayed and
continued the program.
The second
curriculum was introduced in 1958, this was an audio- lingual based –
curriculum. The next curriculum applied in the Indonesian education in 1975 was
the revised new style, audio-lingual based curriculum. This was the first
curriculum in the beginning of the “new era”. The government, for the first
time, introduced new textbook series for the junior high school (English for
the SLTP) and senior high school (English for SLTA). These books become
compulsory for the students.
However, 1984
curriculum was still form focused with language structure as dominant feature
as shown in the English for junior high school and English for senior high
school textbook series in 1988. The structure based communicative curriculum
focused on the development of language skills, function and the mastery of
vocabulary.
The Department
of education then revised the 1984 curriculum with the new curriculum, named
the revised meaning based communicative curriculum in 1994. During this time,
communicative approach was mostly used in the schools around the world.
The government
of Indonesia has put Indonesian language or Bahasa Indonesia as a national and
official language since the Independence Day, August 17, 1945. It has become
the language of governance, politics, economics, and education. The local
language is the second language of the people of Indonesia and preserved in daily
life. The third language is foreign language where English has become more
popular than any other foreign languages such as German, French, and Dutch. And
Chinese.
English is used
as an official language or semi official language in over 60 countries, and has
a prominent place in a further 20, it is either dominant or well established in
all six continents. It is the main language of books, news paper, airports and
air- traffic control international business and academic conferences, science,
technology, medicine, diplomacy, sports, international competitions, pop music
and advertising. Over two –thirds of the world scientists write in English. Of
all the information in the world’s electronic retrieval systems, 80 % is stored
in English. Over 150 million in 120 countries receive English radio
programmers. Over 50 million children study English as an additional language
at primary level: over 80 million study it at secondary levels. In any one
year, the British council helps a quarter of a million foreign students to
learn English, in various parts of the world. In the USA alone. 337,000 foreign
students were registered in 1983.
The department
of education (1967) stated that the objective of English language teaching in
Indonesia was to equip students to read textbooks and references in English, to
participate in classes and examinations that involved foreign lecturers and
students, and to introduce Indonesian culture in international arenas. The
objectives then become the underpinning of the English curriculum in high
school for 1975, 1984 and 1994.
REFERENCES
